List your indications and contraindications for the use of the lntraosseous needle. What are the risks associated with its use and how can they be minimised?
Lists were acceptable.
(a) Indications:
• Venous access in collapsed. hypovolaemic or hypcrvolaemic child with DO other venous
access after several attempts
• Child up to 6 years of age
• Administration of drugs or fluids
(b) Contraindications:
• Age> 7years (relative contraindication. bone difficult to penetrate)
• Other access available
• No experience of technique
(c) Risks:
• Osteomyelitis
• Compartment syndrome from fluid extravasation
• Bone marrow embolism
(d) Minimising risks: .
• Training and practice
• Sterile technique
• Establish conventional venous access ASAP and remove needle
• Limb observation
This question is very similar to Question 15.1 from the first paper of 2012.
In the interest of revision, and because this question is worded slightly differently, the answer to Question 15.1 is modified and presented below.
Thus:
Indications
Contraindications
Age is no longer a contraindication; IO access has become very popular in adults since this 2000 paper.
Complications
With sternal approach:
Probably the best single reference for this:
Day, Michael W. "Intraosseous devices for intravascular access in adult trauma patients." Critical care nurse 31.2 (2011): 76-90.
Dev, Shelly P., et al. "Insertion of an Intraosseous Needle in Adults." New England Journal of Medicine 370.24 (2014).
James Cheung, Warren, Hans Rosenberg, and Christian Vaillancourt. "Barriers and Facilitators to Intraosseous Access in Adult Resuscitations When Peripheral Intravenous Access Is Not Achievable." Academic Emergency Medicine 21.3 (2014): 250-256.