Question 1a

College Answer

A decision about mechanical ventilation is necessary but is not urgently required.  Time should be taken to talk through the potential problems, and ensuring that the patient and wife are aware of the actual implications of ventilation (likely need for and potential complications of intubation & tracheostomy, difficult or impossible wean, prolonged ICU, long term hospital and home ventilation [if available!]).  Discussion should include what factors are likely to be reversible (including time frame).   Other input may be appropriate and should be sought (parent unit, treating doctors, neurologists, pastoral care).   The issues of consent (who and for what must be clarified).  After detailed discussion, patient and wife (if appropriate surrogate) should be able to decide.

Discussion

In discussing mechanical ventilation with a person who is "keen" on it but who will likely end up dependent on it for a long term, the main concepts which govern medical ethics need to be considered:

• Consider beneficence: is the therapy in the patient's best interest? In this case, mechanical ventilation is acutely life saving, and the patient has not indicated otherwise, so - yes.
• Consider non-maleficience: is the therapy going to burden the patient? In this case, mechanical ventilation will never be a "short trial" and a tracheostomy is a real possibility, but in the short term mechanical ventilation will likely be well tolerated.
• Consider fidelity: the patient needs to be given a honest breakdown of exactly what the therapy will require, and what the goals of it will be. One might involve people who organise home ventilation to discuss this issue with the patient. A discussion of tracheostomy is also important.
  • Consider utility (rather than futility): is the therapy going to be helpful? As far as what "helpful" means, one needs to defer to the values of the patient and their family as well as to the objective physiological effectiveness of the therapy. 
  • Invoke the principle of autonomy. The outcome achieved by this therapy: is this outcome one which the patient would find satisfactory? A honest discussion of what long-term ventilation via tracheostomy looks like needs to take place after the acute physiological disaster has been managed.
• Consider social justice as the last and least important consideration; are the needs of the community served best if this treatment is to go ahead? 
• Decisions can then be made to limit or withdraw the therapy if any of the following conditions are satisfied
  • The therapy is considered unlikely to succeed on grounds of basic physiology (i.e. it would be scientifically impossible for it to achieve the intended goals)
  • The therapy is known to fail in the vast majority of attempts under these conditions, and the attempt has known and serious adverse consequences
  • The therapy would (if successful) lead to a quality of life which is unacceptable to the patient, or (if the patient or family cannot comment) which would lead to a quality of life which "falls well below the threshold considered minimal by general professional judgment"
  • The therapy leads to the preservation of a state which is unacceptable for the patient, eg. the therapy merely preserves unconsciousness and dependence on intensive medical care.
  • There are parties (including other medical professionals and important figures from the patient's family) who agree that the cost or outcome of the therapy would be unacceptable to the patient. 

Myburgh, John, et al. "End-of-life care in the intensive care unit: Report from the Task Force of World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine." Journal of critical care 34 (2016): 125-130.

Palda, Valerie A., et al. "“Futile” care: Do we provide it? Why? A semistructured, Canada-wide survey of intensive care unit doctors and nurses." Journal of critical care 20.3 (2005): 207-213.

Sibbald, Robert, James Downar, and Laura Hawryluck. "Perceptions of “futile care” among caregivers in intensive care units." Canadian Medical Association Journal 177.10 (2007): 1201-1208.

Danbury, C. M., and C. S. Waldmann. "Ethics and law in the intensive care unit." Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 20.4 (2006): 589-603.

Myburgh, John, et al. "End-of-life care in the intensive care unit: Report from the Task Force of World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine." Journal of critical care 34 (2016): 125-130.

Schneiderman, Lawrence J. "Defining medical futility and improving medical care." Journal of bioethical inquiry 8.2 (2011): 123.

Ardagh, Michael. "Futility has no utility in resuscitation medicine." Journal of medical ethics 26.5 (2000): 396-399.

Schneiderman, Lawrence J., Kathy Faber-Langendoen, and Nancy S. Jecker. "Beyond futility to an ethic of care." The American journal of medicine 96.2 (1994): 110-114.

Waisel, David B., and Robert D. Truog. "The cardiopulmonary resuscitation-not-indicated order: futility revisited." Annals of internal medicine 122.4 (1995): 304-308.