(A) List 2 causes for this end-tidal CO2 pattern.
(B) List 2 causes for this end-tidal CO2 pattern
(C) Draw and label a pressure-time ventilator waveform showing-
(i) normal followed by
(ii) increased airway resistance.
(D) Draw and label a pressure-volume loop (volume targeted ventilation) showing-
(i) normal lung compliance
(ii) decreased lung compliance
(iii) increased lung compliance.
(E) Draw and label the following for a patient with a large cuff leak-
(i) Flow-time waveform
(ii) Volume-time waveform
(A) List 2 causes for this end-tidal CO2 pattern.
♦ Kinked/partially occluded tube
♦ Foreign body in airway
♦ Obstruction of expiratory limb of breathing circuit
♦ Bronchospasm
(B) List 2 causes for this end-tidal CO2 pattern
♦ Decreased respiratory rate
♦ Decreased tidal volume
♦ Increasing metabolic rate (fever, shivering, etc)
(C) Draw and label a pressure-time ventilator waveform showing- (i) normal followed by
(ii) increased airway resistance.
(D) Draw and label a pressure-volume loop (volume targeted ventilation) showing-
(i) normal lung compliance
(ii) decreased lung compliance
(iii) increased lung compliance.
(E) Draw and label the following for a patient with a large cuff leak-
(i) Flow-time waveform
(ii) Volume-time waveform
Helpfully, the college answer provides us with some model diagrams. Unhelpfully, the college question omits the EtCO2 curves. I have tried to put together some EtCO2 curves to remedy this. So long as everybody is aware that this is not the college image.
Though this is a simple pattern recognition question, some references seem in order. The following local chapters discuss waveform interpretation:
End-tidal CO2 patterns are also discussed on this website by Carefusion.