A 65-year-old male with a background history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been ventilated for ten days for respiratory failure related to community-acquired pneumonia. He develops a new fever and a sputum sample is positive for Aspergillus spp.
a) Discuss the difficulties in confirming a diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in this patient.
b) What findings on history and examination are associated with increased risk of IPA?
c) What investigations are used to confirm a diagnosis of IPA?
a)
Inavsive pulmonary aspergillosis is an important diagnosis to make as the mortality of the disease is
high.
In ICU patients it is more difficult due to;
b)
Background history
Acute clinical features
c)
Radiology
Respiratory secretions-BAL
Blood
Biopsy
Invasive aspergillosis is discussed at greater lengths in the Required Reading section.
Briefly,
a) Discuss the difficulties in confirming a diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in this patient. (applied in general, to all ICU patients)
b) What findings on history and examination are associated with increased risk of IPA?
Pulmonary:
Extrapulmonary: immunocompromised host
|
|
Low risk |
Intermediate risk |
High risk |
|
|
|
c) What investigations are used to confirm a diagnosis of IPA?
ROSENBERG, MICHAEL, et al. "Clinical and immunologic criteria for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis." Annals of Internal Medicine 86.4 (1977): 405-414.
Soubani, Ayman O., and Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar. "The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis." CHEST Journal 121.6 (2002): 1988-1999.
Sherif, Rami, and Brahm H. Segal. "Pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, management and complications." Current opinion in pulmonary medicine 16.3 (2010): 242.
Meersseman, Wouter, et al. "Invasive aspergillosis in the intensive care unit."Clinical Infectious Diseases 45.2 (2007): 205-216.
Trof, R. J., et al. "Management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients." Intensive care medicine 33.10 (2007): 1694-1703.
Mennink-Kersten, Monique ASH, J. Peter Donnelly, and Paul E. Verweij. "Detection of circulating galactomannan for the diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis." The Lancet infectious diseases 4.6 (2004): 349-357.
Musher, Benjamin, et al. "Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and quantitative PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42.12 (2004): 5517-5522.
Pfeiffer, Christopher D., Jason P. Fine, and Nasia Safdar. "Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 42.10 (2006): 1417-1727.
Patmore, J. V., H. D. Goff, and S. Fernandes. "Cryo-gelation of galactomannans in ice cream model systems." Food Hydrocolloids 17.2 (2003): 161-169.
Wald, Anna, et al. "Epidemiology of Aspergillus infections in a large cohort of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation." Journal of Infectious Diseases 175.6 (1997): 1459-1466.
Escuissato, Dante L., et al. "Pulmonary infections after bone marrow transplantation: high-resolution CT findings in 111 patients." American Journal of Roentgenology 185.3 (2005): 608-615.
Nucci, Marcio, et al. "Early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematologic patients: an opportunity to improve the outcome." haematologica98.11 (2013): 1657-1660.
Acosta, J., et al. "A prospective comparison of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in medical patients under intensive care: comparison with the diagnostic performance of galactomannan and of (1→ 3)–β–d‐glucan chromogenic assay in serum samples." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17.7 (2011): 1053-1060.
Izumikawa, Koichi, et al. "Bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis." Medical mycology 50.8 (2012): 811-817.
Boonsarngsuk, Viboon, et al. "False-positive serum and bronchoalveolar lavage Aspergillus galactomannan assays caused by different antibiotics."Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases 42.6-7 (2010): 461-468.
Digby, Justin, et al. "Serum glucan levels are not specific for presence of fungal infections in intensive care unit patients." Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 10.5 (2003): 882-885.
Hage, Chadi A., et al. "Plasmalyte as a cause of false-positive results for Aspergillus galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid." Journal of clinical microbiology 45.2 (2007): 676-677.
Buess, Michael, et al. "Aspergillus-PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage for detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients." BMC infectious diseases 12.1 (2012): 237.
Heng, Siow-Chin, et al. "Clinical utility of Aspergillus galactomannan and PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with haematological malignancies." Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 79.3 (2014): 322-327.
Franquet, Tomás, et al. "Spectrum of Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings 1." Radiographics 21.4 (2001): 825-837.
Kim, Kihyun, et al. "Importance of open lung biopsy in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies." American journal of hematology 71.2 (2002): 75-79.
Blot, Stijn I., et al. "A clinical algorithm to diagnose invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients." American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 186.1 (2012): 56-64.