With respect to hypocaloric enteral nutrition in the critically ill:
a) Explain the following terms:
i. Trophic feeding
ii. Permissive underfeeding
(40% marks)
b)
Outline the potential advantages of hypocaloric enteral nutrition and the available evidence for its use. (60% marks)
Trophic feeding refers to enteral feeding below the minimum required caloric intake, with the aim of maintaining gut integrity rather than meeting patient’s nutritional requirements. Definition of volume feed/energy required varies. Between 10-30ml/hr or 15-25% of calculated caloric intake. Can’t be used as sole nutritional strategy long term.
Permissive underfeeding is the provision of a reduced non-protein caloric target (around 40-60% of calculated total) hypothesing that lower non-protein calorie intake may be beneficial. May be used as sole nutritional strategy.
Trophic feeding
Advantages of trophic feeding
Include potential beneficial effects on the gut such as preserving intestinal epithelium, stimulating secretion of brush border enzymes, enhancing immune function, preserving epithelial tight cell junctions, and preventing bacterial translocation. Could be considered in patients unable to tolerate full enteral nutrition. May minimise complications associated with full enteral feeding such as feed intolerance, aspiration, high gastric volumes, and diarrhoea.
Available evidence for trophic feeding
2 RCT’s of patients with respiratory failure/ARDS (largest = EDEN trial JAMA 2012)
Permissive underfeeding
Advantages of permissive underfeeding
Available evidence for permissive underfeeding:
Specific trials not needed for pass.
Additional Examiners Comments:
This question was answered poorly. The majority of candidates were unable to accurately describe or define the two feeding strategies. There was limited appreciation of the available evidence
a)
Trophic feeding: Sondheimer et al (2004); "The generally accepted definition of trophic feeding is a small volume of balanced enteral nutrition insufficient for the patient's nutritional needs but producing some positive gastrointestinal or systemic benefit."
Permissive underfeeding: The systematic review by Owais et al (2010) reveals a massive variation of historical definitions, ranging though 13-14 kcal/kg/day, <20 kcal/kg/day, 1000 kcal/day, or <33% of estimated requirement, or 5,000-10,000 kcal/week. The college used the 40-60% goal from Arabi et al (2015). The distinction is that this a nutritional strategy, rather than one focused on intestinal mucosal health.
b)
Advantages of permissive underfeeding:
Evidence for permissive underfeeding:
Advantages of trophic feeding:
Evidence for trophic feeding:
Sondheimer, J. M. "A critical perspective on trophic feeding." Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 38.3 (2004): 237.
McClave, Stephen A., et al. "Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN)." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 40.2 (2016): 159-211.
Rice TW, et al. "Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial." JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 307.8 (2012): 795.
Rice, Todd W., et al. "A randomized trial of initial trophic versus full-energy enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure." Critical care medicine 39.5 (2011): 967.
Zaloga, G. P., and P. Roberts. "Permissive underfeeding." New horizons (Baltimore, Md.) 2.2 (1994): 257-263.
Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N. "Permissive underfeeding of the critically ill patient." Nutrition in clinical practice 19.5 (2004): 477-480.
Arabi, Yaseen M., et al. "Permissive underfeeding or standard enteral feeding in critically ill adults." New England Journal of Medicine 372.25 (2015): 2398-2408.
Owais, Anwar E., Rachael Frances Bumby, and John Macfie. "permissive underfeeding in short‐term nutritional support." Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 32.5 (2010): 628-636.
Van Zanten, Arthur RH. "Full or hypocaloric nutritional support for the critically ill patient: is less really more?." Journal of thoracic disease 7.7 (2015): 1086.
Dudrick, Stanley J. "The genesis of intravenous hyperalimentation." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1.1 (1977): 23-29.
Spanier, A. H., and H. M. Shizgal. "Caloric requirements of the critically ill patient receiving intravenous hyperalimentation." The American Journal of Surgery 133.1 (1977): 99-104.
Weindruch, Richard, et al. "The retardation of aging in mice by dietary restriction: longevity, cancer, immunity and lifetime energy intake." J Nutr116.4 (1986): 641-54.
Arabi, Yaseen M., et al. "Permissive Underfeeding or Standard Enteral Feeding in High–and Low–Nutritional-Risk Critically Ill Adults. Post Hoc Analysis of the PermiT Trial." American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 195.5 (2017): 652-662.
Schetz, Miet, Michael Paul Casaer, and Greet Van den Berghe. "Does artificial nutrition improve outcome of critical illness?." Critical care 17.1 (2013): 302.
Choi, Augustine MK, Stefan W. Ryter, and Beth Levine. "Autophagy in human health and disease." New England Journal of Medicine 368.7 (2013): 651-662.
Streat, Stephen J., Alun H. Beddoe, and Graham L. Hill. "Aggressive nutritional support does not prevent protein loss despite fat gain in septic intensive care patients." Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 27.3 (1987): 262-266.
Van den Berghe, Greet. "Intensive insulin therapy in the ICU—reconciling the evidence." Nature Reviews Endocrinology 8.6 (2012): 374-378.