Compare and contrast hepato-pulmonary syndrome, porto-pulmonary hypertension and hepatorenal syndrome. Use the following headings in your answer: definitions, pathophysiology, and specific treatment of these conditions. You may tabulate your answer.
This question scored low, as many candidates could not define the different entities and therefore the subsequent aspects of the question were poorly answered.
Below, for the pulmonary syndromes, the definitions are from the ERS task force statement of 2005, and the hepatorenal definition is from the 2012 ADQI consensus conference. Hepato-pulmonary pathophysiology and management options are from Benz et al (2020).
Hepato-pulmonary syndrome | Porto-pulmonary hypertension | Hepatorenal syndrome |
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Vogel, Todd R., Rebecca Symons, and David R. Flum. "The incidence and factors associated with graft infection after aortic aneurysm repair." Journal of Vascular Surgery 47.2 (2008): 264-269.
Benz, Fabian, et al. "Pulmonary complications in patients with liver cirrhosis." Journal of translational internal medicine 8.3 (2020): 150-158.
Huang, Pei-Ming, et al. "The morphology of diaphragmatic defects in hepatic hydrothorax: thoracoscopic finding." The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 130.1 (2005): 141-145.
Rodriguez-Roisin, R., et al. "Pulmonary–hepatic vascular disorders (PHD)." European Respiratory Journal 24.5 (2004): 861-880.
Krowka, Michael J. "Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension: the pulmonary vascular enigmas of liver disease." Clinical Liver Disease 15.Suppl 1 (2020): S13.