In short, its for substances which cannot be cleared by dialysis owing to the large volume of distribution. A summary of haemoperfusion targeted more at the time-poor CICM exam trainee is available in the Required Reading section for renal SAQs in the Part 2 exam.
Harbord et al. have a chapter on drug removal by extracorporeal techniques. That chapter within it contains several massive tables, listing all the possible and impossible drugs which can be removed by an extracorporeal circuit. The haemoperfusion-specific information resides in Table 174-2 on page 922.
The list is massive, and impossible to memorise. Instead, it is easier to remember basic features which discriminate between those drugs that are easily removed by dialysis and those that are easily removed by haemoperfusion.
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If a toxin is equally well cleared by hemodialysis and hemoperfusion, then hemodialysis is preferred, because it will also correct any underlying acid-base disturbance
- The following drugs are well cleared (at least in animal models):
Suicide favourites
Elemental metals
Iron
Thallium
Aluminium
Chemotherapy agents
Antibiotics
Vancomycin
Gentamycin
Ampicillin
Clindamycin
Isoniazid
Accidental industrial toxins
Paraquat
Diquat
Parathion
Methylparathion
Organophosphates
Trichloroethane
Ethylene oxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Accidental hospital toxins
For a definitive treatment of all of this, you ought to pay homage to the gigantic and all-encompassing "Critical Care Nephrology" by Ronco Bellomo and Kellum (2009).
The Gambro and Fresenius websites have also been an excellent source of information.
Rafael Ponikvar, "Hemoperfusion" in: Critical Care Nephrology (2009) p.1535
Nikolas Harbord, Steven J. Gruber, Donald A. Feinfeld, and James Frank Winchester "Hemodialysis, Hemofiltration, and Hemoperfusion in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning" in: Critical Care Nephrology (2009) p.919
Gil, H-W., et al. "Clinical outcome of hemoperfusion in poisoned patients."Blood purification 30.2 (2010): 84-88.
Winchester, James F. "Complications of Hemoperfusion." In: Complications of Dialysis (2000): p.127.
Fennimore, J., J. C. Kolthammen, and S. M. Lang. "Evaluation of hemoperfusion systems: in-vitro methods related to performance and safety."Artificial Organs (1977). - this article is not available anywhere, even as an abstract!
Cruz, Dinna N., et al. "Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial." Jama 301.23 (2009): 2445-2452.