Body fluids and electrolytes

Theoretical Foundations of Fluid and Electrolyte Physiology
Colligative properties of liquids: osmosis and osmotic pressure
Osmolarity, osmolality, tonicity, and the reflection coefficient
Osmotic pressure and oncotic pressure
Movement of fluid between the intravascular and interstitial compartments
Measuring the volume of body fluid compartments
Volume of body fluid compartments
Functional extracellular fluid and transcellular fluid
Intracellular fluid
Behaviour of body water
Regulation of body water
Movement of water between intracellular and extracellular body fluid compartments
Mechanisms which maintain the intracellular fluid volume
Mechanisms which maintain extracellular fluid volume
Mechanisms which maintain extracellular fluid tonicity
Physiological response to oral water ingestion
Physiological response to dehydration: the loss of 1L of body water
Response to haemorrhage: the loss of 1L of blood
Contents and Properties of Body Fluids
Distribution of cations in body fluid compartments
Distribution and regulation of sodium in the body fluids
Distribution and regulation of potassium in the body fluids
Distribution and regulation of magnesium in the body fluids
Distribution and regulation of calcium in the body fluids
Distribution of anions in body fluid compartments
Distribution of phosphate in body fluid compartments
Distribution of non-ionic solutes such as glucose and urea
The properties and contents of lymph
The properties and contents of sweat
Contents and Properties of Intravenous Fluids
Solutions of dextrose: 5%, 10% and 50% concentrations
Normal saline, and why it is anything but "normal"
Hartmann's compound sodium lactate
PlasmaLyte-148 and other balanced crystalloid solutions
Gelofusine (4% succinylated bovine gelatin)
Mannitol (20% concentrate)
Physiological Response to Intravenous Fluids
Applied physiology of intravenous fluid replacement
Response to 1L of 5% dextrose
Physiology and pharmacology of colloid fluids
Response to 1L of normal saline
Response to 1L of Hartmann's compound sodium lactate
Response to 1L of PlasmaLyte 148
Response to 1L of 4% Gelofusine
Response to 100ml of concentrated (20%) human albumin
Response to 500ml of concentrated (20%) mannitol
Response to 1 unit of packed red blood cells
Contents and Properties of Concentrated Electrolyte Solutions
Sodium bicarbonate (8.4%)
Potassium chloride
Potassium acetate
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Magnesium sulfate
Calcium chloride
Calcium gluconate
Hypertonic saline (20% concentrated)
Physiologial Response to Concentrated Electrolyte Replacement
Response to 60mmol of potassium chloride
Response to 20mmol of magnesium sulfate
Response to 100mmol of sodium bicarbonate
Response to 20mmol of phosphate ions
Metabolic fate of lactate, acetate, citrate and gluconate
Measurement of Electrolyte and Metabolyte Concentration
The ion-sensitive electrode chain in the blood gas analyser
Ion-selective electrode membranes
The potassium-sensitive electrode in the blood gas analyser
The sodium-sensitive electrode in the blood gas analyser
The calcium-sensitive electrode in the blood gas analyser
Factors influencing the concentration of ionised calcium
Correction of ionised calcium for pH
The chloride-sensitive electrode in the blood gas analyser
Principles of amperometric measurement
Amperometric measurement of glucose
Amperometric measurement of lactate

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