Cardiovascular system

Structure and function of the circulatory system
Anatomy of the heart
Excitatory, conductive and contractile elements of the heart
The Cardiac Cycle
The foetal circulation
Circulatory and respiratory changes that occur at birth
Effects of ageing on the cardiovascular system
Electrical Properties of the Heart
Normal processes of cardiac excitation and electrical activity
Ionic basis of spontaneous electrical activity of cardiac muscle
Fast voltage-gated sodium channels of cardiac muscle
Abnormal processes of cardiac excitation and electrical activity
Determinants and Control of Cardiac Output
Components and determinants of cardiac output
Definitions of preload afterload and contractility
Determinants of preload
Determinants of afterload
Determinants of contractility
The Frank-Starling mechanism
Cardiac output curves and vascular function curves
The concept of venous return
The concept of mean systemic filling pressure
Ventricular pressure-volume loops
Myocardial oxygen supply and demand
The Peripheral Circulation
Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure
Factors which affect peripheral vascular resistance
Factors which contribute to pulse variation
Physiological factors which contribute to central venous pressure
Mixed venous oxygen and carbon dioxide content
The relationship of venous oxygenation and cellular metabolism
Practical use of central and mixed venous blood gases
Regional Circulation
Essential features of the microcirculation
Starling forces and fluid exchange in the microcirculation
Autoregulation within peripheral circulations
Cerebral blood flow autoregulation
Hepatic blood flow
Coronary blood flow
Renal blood flow
Splanchnic blood flow
Regional skeletal muscle blood flow
Uteroplacental blood flow
Portal systems in the regional circulation
Control of the Circulation
Cardiac reflexes
Function of baroreceptors and clinical relevance of the baroreflex
Role of the vasomotor centres
Humoral regulation of blood volume and flow
Applied Cardiovascular Physiology
Physiological response to changes in posture
Cardiovascular response to haemorrhage and hypovolaemia
Cardiovascular response to isovolaemic anaemia
Cardiovascular response to exercise
Physiology of the Valsalva manoeuvre
Cardiovascular consequences of obesity
Definition and classification of shock
Principles of Cardiovascular Monitoring
Pressure transducers for haemodynamic measurements
Resonance, damping and frequency response
Physiological basis of electrocardiography
Methods of measurement of cardiac output and regional blood flow
Arterial pressure monitoring devices
Invasive and non-invasive measurement of blood pressure
Indications and contraindications for arterial line insertion
Factors involved in site selection for arterial cannulation
Arterial cannulation equipment
Arterial cannulation technique
Complications of arterial cannulation
The arterial line pressure transducer setup
Arterial line dynamic response testing
Normal arterial line waveforms
Interpretation of abnormal arterial line waveforms
Central Venous Pressure Monitoring
Central venous pressure measurement
The relationship of CVP to right ventricular preload
Interpretation of the central venous pressure waveform
Abnormal central venous pressure waveform patterns
Pulmonary Artery (Swan-Ganz) Catheter
Anatomy of the pulmonary artery catheter
Insertion of the pulmonary artery catheter
Troubleshooting the insertion of the pulmonary artery catheter
Indications contraindications and complications of pulmonary artery catherisation
Physiology of pulmonary artery wedge pressure measurement
The relationship of PAWP to left atrial pressure
Assumptions upon which rests the validity of pulmonary artery wedge pressure measurement
Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure
Measurement of pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
Measurement of cardiac output by indicator dilution
Fick's Principle of cardiac output measurement
Derived values from cardiac output measurement devices
Thermodilution measurement of cardiac output by PA catheter
Using the PA catheter to guide haemodynamic management
PiCCO: Pulse Contour Cardiac Output Monitoring
Pulse index Continuous Cardiac Output (PiCCO)
Transpulmonary thermodilution for cardiac output measurement
Pulse contour cardiac output measurement
Stroke volume variation
ITTV: the intra-thoracic thermal volume
PTV: the pulmonary thermal volume
Relationship of downslope time and pulmonary thermal volume
GEDV: global end-diastolic volume
ITBV: intrathoracic blood volume
EVLW: extravascular lung water volume
A summary of PiCCO variables and normal values
PiCCO-guided resuscitation of shock
LiDCO: lithium dilution cardiac output measurement
FloTrac: pulse contour analysis
Sonographic Assessment of Haemodynamic Performance
The Simpson method of stroke volume estimation
LVOT Doppler for estimation of cardiac output
Continuous oesophageal Doppler for estimation of cardiac output
Antihypertensive agents
Classification and summary of antihypertensive agent classes
ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers
Beta-blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Nitrate vasodilators and sodium nitroprusside
Miscellaneous antihypertensives
Clonidine
Antiarrhythmic agents
Classification of antiarrhythmic agents
Class I antiarrhythmic agents
Amiodarone
Digoxin
Vasopressors and Inotropes
Classification of inotropes and vasopressors
Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
Dobutamine
Milrinone
Vasopressin
Levosimendan
Metaraminol

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