Classify circulatory shock and provide examples (40% of marks). Outline the cardiovascular responses (60% of marks).
Answers should have included the various types of shock and provided clear examples. Cardiovascular responses including sensor, integrator, effector mechanisms were necessary to pass
Stimulus | Sensor | Integrator | Effector mechanism |
Hypotension | Baroreceptors | Nucleus of the solitary tract |
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Decreased VO2 | Aortic arch chemoreceptors | Nucleus of the solitary tract | |
Decreased circulatory volume | Atrium (atrial myocytes) |
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Baroreceptors | Hypothalamus |
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Renal juxtaglomerular cells |
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Inadequate tissue perfusion | Vascular smooth muscle and endothelium |
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Antonelli, Massimo, et al. "Hemodynamic monitoring in shock and implications for management." Intensive care medicine 33.4 (2007): 575-590.
Standl, Thomas, et al. "The nomenclature, definition and distinction of types of shock." Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 115.45 (2018): 757.
Thal, Alan P., and John M. Kinney. "On the definition and classification of shock." Progress in cardiovascular Diseases 9.6 (1967): 527-557.