Theoretical Foundations of Fluid and Electrolyte Physiology

Colligative properties of liquids: osmosis and osmotic pressure

Osmolarity, osmolality, tonicity, and the reflection coefficient

Osmotic pressure and oncotic pressure

Movement of fluid between the intravascular and interstitial compartments

Measuring the volume of body fluid compartments

Volume of body fluid compartments

Functional extracellular fluid and transcellular fluid

Intracellular fluid

Behaviour of body water

Movement of water between intracellular and extracellular body fluid compartments

Mechanisms which maintain the intracellular fluid volume

Mechanisms which maintain intracellular fluid tonicity

Mechanisms which maintain extracellular fluid volume

Vasopressin as a regulator of tonicity and body water volume

Physiological response to oral water ingestion

Physiological response to dehydration: the loss of 1L of body water

Response to haemorrhage: the loss of 1L of blood

Contents and Properties of Body Fluids

Distribution of cations in body fluid compartments

Distribution and regulation of sodium in the body fluids

Distribution and regulation of potassium in the body fluids

Distribution and regulation of magnesium in the body fluids

Distribution and regulation of calcium in the body fluids

Distribution of anions in body fluid compartments

Distribution of phosphate in body fluid compartments

Distribution of non-ionic solutes such as glucose and urea

The properties and contents of lymph

The properties and contents of sweat

Contents and Properties of Intravenous Fluids

Solutions of dextrose: 5%, 10% and 50% concentrations

Normal saline, and why it is anything but "normal"

Hartmann's compound sodium lactate

PlasmaLyte-148 and other balanced crystalloid solutions

Gelofusine (4% succinylated bovine gelatin)

Mannitol (20% concentrate)

Physiological Response to Intravenous Fluids

Applied physiology of intravenous fluid replacement

Response to 1L of 5% dextrose

Physiology and pharmacology of colloid fluids

Response to 1L of normal saline

Response to 1L of Hartmann's compound sodium lactate

Response to 1L of PlasmaLyte 148

Response to 1L of 4% Gelofusine

Response to 100ml of concentrated (20%) human albumin

Response to 500ml of concentrated (20%) mannitol

Response to 1 unit of packed red blood cells

Contents and Properties of Concentrated Electrolyte Solutions

Sodium bicarbonate (8.4%)

Potassium chloride

Potassium acetate

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate

Magnesium sulfate

Calcium chloride

Calcium gluconate

Hypertonic saline (20% concentrated)

Physiologial Response to Concentrated Electrolyte Replacement

Response to 60mmol of potassium chloride

Response to 20mmol of magnesium sulfate

Response to 100mmol of sodium bicarbonate

Response to 20mmol of phosphate ions

Metabolic fate of lactate, acetate, citrate and gluconate

Measurement of Electrolyte and Metabolyte Concentration

The ion-sensitive electrode chain in the blood gas analyser

Ion-selective electrode membranes

The potassium-sensitive electrode in the blood gas analyser

The sodium-sensitive electrode in the blood gas analyser

The calcium-sensitive electrode in the blood gas analyser

Factors influencing the concentration of ionised calcium

Correction of ionised calcium for pH

The chloride-sensitive electrode in the blood gas analyser

Principles of amperometric measurement

Amperometric measurement of glucose

Amperometric measurement of lactate