Question 1 from the second paper of 2007 asks specifically about the features of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. Both streptococci and staphylococci produce superantigens, and because of this the summary below expends little effort to help discriminate between them.
The information for this summary has been scraped together among the following sources:
Some staphylococci and some Group A streptococci produce a characteristic protein (the Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin, or TSST-1, 2 and 3).
Menstrual
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Nonmenstrual
|
In Low's article, staphylococcal TSS is separated into "menstrual" and "non-menstrual" categories. Apparently, the tampon introduces oxygen, which is required for TSS-1 production.
In contrast, streptococcal toxic shock as typically associated with a streptococcal pneumonia or with necrotising fasciitis.
According to the CDC, there are four stereotypical criteria for toxic shock syndrome, all of which must be met:
There are also non-diagnostic associated features:
The Oh's Manual chapter on severe soft tissue infections (Ch. 71, p. 736) brings up some interesting points about the use of IV immunoglobulin in toxic shock:
Chan, Bob CY, and Paul Maurice. "Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome."New England Journal of Medicine 369.9 (2013): 852-852.
DeVries, Aaron S., et al. "Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome 2000–2006: epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular characteristics." PLoS One 6.8 (2011): e22997.
Kare, M., and A. Dang. "Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome." JAPI 56 (2008).
KEHRBERG, MARK W., et al. "Risk factors for staphylococcal toxic-shock syndrome." American journal of epidemiology 114.6 (1981): 873-879.
Parsonnet, Jeffrey. "Mediators in the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome: overview." Reviews of infectious diseases (1989): S263-S269.
Low, Donald E. "Toxic Shock Syndrome." Crit Care Clin 29 (2013): 651-675.
Brosnahan, Amanda J., and Patrick M. Schlievert. "Gram‐positive bacterial superantigen outside‐in signaling causes toxic shock syndrome." FEBS Journal278.23 (2011): 4649-4667.
Kulhankova, Katarina, Jessica King, and Wilmara Salgado-Pabón. "Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome: superantigen-mediated enhancement of endotoxin shock and adaptive immune suppression." Immunologic research(2014): 1-6.
Low, Donald E. "Toxic shock syndrome: major advances in pathogenesis, but not treatment." Critical care clinics 29.3 (2013): 651-675.
Misiakos, Evangelos P., et al. "Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis." Frontiers in surgery 1 (2014).
Stevens, Dennis L. "Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome: spectrum of disease, pathogenesis, and new concepts in treatment." Emerging infectious diseases 1.3 (1995): 69.
Stevens, Dennis L. "Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome associated with necrotizing fasciitis." Annual review of medicine 51.1 (2000): 271-288.